Environmental Factors Shaping PepsiCos Marketing Essay Example

Environmental Factors Shaping PepsiCos Marketing Paper This paper will review the article, identify environmental factors that shape the organization and impact marketing decisions, and discuss how technology plays a role in those decisions. Alternatives to Ackermann view of social responsibility to the companys marketing decisions and activities will be analyzed, along with explanations of how ethical issues can make an impact. The accuracy of the articles forecasts will be reviewed and further supportive references to conclusions made will be gathered, if necessary. Global and Domestic Factors Several macro-environmental factors shape the PepsiCo Corporation and impact marketing decisions. Demographics, economic climate, ecological and lattice issues, technology, and cultural concerns all affect where the company is headed desires and the decisions the company makes. Each issue affects the company differently, but when combined together, the environmental factors can wreak havoc on a companys bottom line if not addressed appropriately. On the other hand, if a company has the ability to recognize these factors, can address them, and be prepared to think on its feet, then the factors can be used to the companys advantage. The Ackerman article discusses PepsiCo investment into the Chinese market. When it comes to the environmental factors, Pepsi must adjust its marketing strategy to fit the audience rather than trying to fit the audience to its strategy. For example, current demographics in the United States reflects an aging population as the nations Baby Boomers are now reaching retirement age with most of them having grown up with Pepsi and Coca- Cola. 12. 5% of the U. S. Population is over the age of 65, compared to China, where only 7. % of the population is over age 65 (Monasteries, 2009). According to Ackerman (2008), Pepsi plans to invest $1. 0 billion into the Chinese markets, which is significant considering that currently the worlds economy is relatively poor. The author believes that the plan to invest in the Chinese market is optimistic and that the company faces the challenge Of slow growth in China, a decline in U. S. Sales and the impact of the stronger dollar on international sales (Ac kerman, 2008, Para. 2). How wise is the decision to invest in a country during a period of world economic decline? We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Factors Shaping PepsiCos Marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Factors Shaping PepsiCos Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Factors Shaping PepsiCos Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pepsi made similar ventures in the Eastern European and Russian regions that proved to be profitable. According to Jonathan Fenny, a Wichita Capital Markets analyst, Pepsins strategy is to build platforms ahead of demand to some extent and continuing to support platforms even during times of economic weakness (Ackerman, 2008, par a. 5). Success is not guaranteed in the Chinese market, but if Pepsi has been able to achieve positive demand for its products in the past in other challenging markets, the company just might be able to drive growth in this market as well. Technology Another example that affects PepsiCo is technology. Technological advancements are happening at a faster pace than ever in the 21 SST century ND companies must be ready to take advantage of them or be left behind. Advertising decisions must be made with technology in mind, such as making use of electronic billboards vs.. The old standards, which can appeal to PepsiCo technologically savvy target audience in China youth and young adults. The money that Pepsi plans to invest will also Ana able the company to develop new products and expand local research and development efforts. In order to cater to the Chinese audience, technology plays a role in developing products due to the use of computers and other equipment. Comparing Views Social responsibility and ethics Ackerman (2008). Seems to believe that PepsiCo move to invest heavily in the Chinese market can appear to be bullish, yet optimistic. The author points out negatives concerning the venture, such as the value of the dollar in the market, economic downturns and sinking financial profit reports. However, perception of the authors view of the companys social responsibility is high, since she States that investing in China will create new employment opportunities due to expansion of R D facilities, manufacturing opacity and sales force. Thousands of new jobs are expected to be created in China because of the investments (Ackerman, 2008, Para. 11). Ethically speaking , providing employment to the unemployed, especially in poor regions, will increase quality of life for the Chinese, while at the same time, increasing revenue as more people are able to afford to purchase Pepsi products. Not only that, Ackerman states that the company is business driven, which typically suggests a business model where a company takes ethics into mind. Since Pepsi has been able to invest in global markets, rated jobs and improved quality of life standards in the past, the company shows that it holds to an ethical guideline by striving to repeat success in new global markets. Another view of Pepsins social responsibility and ethical stance by Michael seem proves to be positive as well. The article covers Pepsins CEO Indri Annoy, her personal views and her vision and goals for the Pepsi Corporations future (Seem, 2008). Taking into consideration the struggles with obesity that the United States faces, Annoy convinced the company to sell Pizza Hut, KEF and Taco Bell in 1 997, acquired the Tropical many in 1998 and helped engineer a $14 billion takeover of Quaker Oats, maker of Storage in 2001 in order to be able to offer healthy alternatives to PepsiCo consumers (Seem, 2008). Annoy and PepsiCo have pledged by 201 0 that half of the firms revenue will come from healthful products and that the company will eschew fossil fuels in favor of wind and solar (Seem, 2008, Para. 7). The company will also campaign against obesity. According to Land (2008), the Pepsi Bottling Group has maintained significant environmental and ecological commitments. So far the company has been able to save over 300 million gallons of water, 1 6,000 tons of plastic, and has been able to offset 100% of the companys U. S. Electricity by making conscientious manufacturing technological and operations decisions. In a savvy public relations move, Pepsi includes in its marketing strategy the release of an environmental annual report to generate positive publicity about its commitment to citizenship, responsibility and ethics. After reviewing the Ackerman, Seem and Land articles, the writers view Of PepsiCo stance on social responsibility and ethics is positive. Pepsins efforts o consider the environment, increasing employment in oppressed countries, and taking on health initiatives bolsters the companys social image. Accuracy The Ackerman (2008) article quotes Pepsi CEO Annoy saying We are enormously confident in the continued prosperity of China. Confidence is found in this statement and confidence seems to have been used in the qualitative and quantitative data gathered to make the marketing decision to invest in China. When such a stance is taken and a company, in this economy, makes such a significant financial decision, the factual data outlined in the article can be concluded be fruitful. The article provides past examples of Pepsins ventures into foreign markets that provided SUcceSS and the statement that its business is driven by building platforms ahead of demand to some extent and continuing to support platforms even during times of economic weakness sums up the companys strategy because it shows the company properly plans ahead, using past successes as a foundation (Ackerman 2008). Seams (2008) article showed how the background and positive personal beliefs of PepsiCo CEO have flowed over into the positive marketing, manufacturing and socially responsible decisions of the company. The article also touched on the growing mentality of the United States and global market attitudes on important issues that make a global impact, including health and environment. Land (2008) reported specifically on the companys environmental efforts, which are beginning to shape the company for the future, which looks positive. Reporting specifically in numbers the results of Pepsins efforts to strive to be a company focused on citizenship, social responsible ¶/ and ethics help support the writers conclusions. Conclusion PepsiCo strives to remain one of the leading beverage and snack companies in the United States and abroad and takes into consideration the environmental factors, both domestic and global, that affect the companys marketing and business decisions. Pepsins plan to invest in the Chinese market will prove to be a successful venture due to past achievements in similar markets.

Kepler essays

Kepler essays I believe that Kepler contribute order in a time of disorder and chaos. Before Keplers theory was excepted, everybody believed that God controlled everything and earth is the center of the universe. People at the time were very superstitious, they believed in witches. They were very religious as well; they didnt want to accept anything but God. I think there was chaos because everybody was confused. No one knew the truth of universe and there were many religious wars at the time. Kepler had different views of the world then others because he was a scientist and an astronomer. I noticed that in the play A Short History of Night Kepler mentioned few times that things happen according to angles, geometry. That shows how he was very different from others. He didnt agree with the church. He was against what church said and he convinced the others that religion wasnt everything and God doesnt make everything happen. He spent all his life to prove that his theory and at the end he proved t hat the planets revolve by itself on axis. Which practically proved that church is wrong and that took away some of the powers and belief from the church. This play made me realized how it was in time of chaos. I noticed from beginning of play to end of the play there were many religious wars and battles. And also how religious people were at the time. There were witch hunters and witches were badly tortured and hunters accused even innocent girls and women and burnt them. ...

Research Paper Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Paper Summary - Essay Example Similarly, new strategies can be integrated slowly with traditional methods that worked in order to arrive at the right product. This strategy is important to business organizations in the sense that it is responsive to the changes in the competitive, challenging modern environment of business. Secondly, the process of making strategy, according to Mintzberg, must be well choreographed and intended to herald action. Nevertheless, he suggests strategies can yield effective outcomes in their original status or when reformed. Thirdly, Mintzberg’s (1987) argument that strategists do not have to be senior members of the management is in line with the course readings. The sourcing of strategists from within an organization is particularly important because such individuals are well conversant with the inner-workings of the organization; they have the capacity to achieve the needed goals within the prevailing organizational culture. The course readings about strategy management are in line with Mintzberg’s analogy of a potter and how they are connected with their work in that, in both cases, the strategists must be individuals who have passion in pursuing the best for the company. Lastly, unfavorable conditions may prevent the ideal potter from creating a piece of art, despite having a mound of ready clay, but as a strategist, he or she may use the lump to make an equally important item that is different from the one planned before. In the same way potters do their job strategies do arise from time to time and anywhere (Mintzberg, 1987). As such, strategists must be prepared to postpone plans, create new products and have the capacity to turn errors into opportunity. By seeking the input of craftsmen and women who are devoted, passionate and intimately mesmerized by the materials they use to create an end product, the process

Proposal Assignment ( University Safety System ) Essay

Proposal Assignment ( University Safety System ) - Essay Example Even though keeping student and occupants of Texas Wesleyan University require the effort of the whole community in general, the university is an important piece of the undertaking to keep staff and the students safe. Safe institutions are purposeful and orderly places in which staff and students are free to teach and learn without the threat of psychological and physical harm. The safety systems in Texas Wesleyan University are weak thus Weak safety systems in this institution interfere with learning process. Strengthening safety system supports a proper learning environment that enables achievement of learning goals. Moreover, Weak safety systems reduce effective learning hours of every student. This has an impact on the grades and general life development. Improving safety systems will enhance their quality of education and life. It is therefore important to create a safety system for camps and the other utilities in Texas Wesleyan University Analysis of Texas Wesleyan University safety system shows certain safety loopholes that require an action plan. As Blake (2 May 2014) states through an interview, Texas Wesleyan University do not have a perimeter wall to enhance physical safety, no surveillance cameras within the older dormitories and the students do not use access cards at the gates and the classes to gain access. Other problems he stated are drunk driving and the few call boxes which are necessary to enhance emergency action system. Increasing student population increases demand for safety systems. Unsafe learning environments will affect learning process. Old technology cannot beat with faster changing demands and different student needs. People play a vital role in any safety program. This is because they provide guidelines with respect to safety policies, staffing, training and procedures. Texas Wesleyan University must come up with a clear safety policy. University safety policy is the

Culturological Assessment of Domestic Violence Against Hispanic Women Essay

Culturological Assessment of Domestic Violence Against Hispanic Women - Essay Example (Powell 1) The purpose of this paper is to evaluate three aspects of domestic violence as it relates to Latinas. A review of the broad societal issues inherent within this ethnic community, an idea of some of the specific reasons why Hispanic women will stay in an abusive relationship, and a look at a few of the cultural values that make this segment of the population particularly vulnerable will yield insight into the problem and its intricate components. To gain a more complete understanding of the domestic violence plague faced by women in the Hispanic community, it is important to understand the broad contributory issues specific to the Latin community at large. Without over-simplifying the factors that contribute to domestic violence perpetrated against Hispanic women, there are three general segments of social integration which are understood to pre-condition these women to a higher risk of incidence of abuse; acculturation, citizenship status, and economic condition. Acculturation is the process of acquiring the different traits and social patterns reflected in the new society. It is the natural human adaptation to a different environment. We know that the "process of acculturation to American values and norms is an important factor influencing help-seeking behavior." (Yoshioka 172) Other studies suggest that this progression of acclimating to a foreign atmosphere "has been found to affect the risk of partner violence." (Frias 554) The course of adjusting to a new society is particularly fraught with hazard for Hispanic women. Whether it is the challenge of learning a new language or developing a sense of belonging, the degree to which an individual has been assimilated into her surroundings impacts her ability to respond to a crisis, particularly one of violence in her home. The calculus is fairly straightforward; the more comfortable a woman is within her new world, the better equipped she is to deal with the adverse circumstances into which d omestic abuse thrusts her. Surprisingly, the citizenship status of individuals has a direct bearing upon the frequency and severity of domestic violence. Generally, it is clear to the casual observer that non-citizens "have taken enormous risks and...continue to be threatened daily with a fear of deportation and the ever-looming presence of the INS." (Community Partnership 1) The stress associated with large-scale disruption of life and home can easily contribute to an environment of hostility between domestic partners. Specifically, studies show that "immigrant women who arrived before the age of 15 are at a higher risk of partner violence." (Frias 561) While the minutiae of various causes of this phenomenon may be debated, citizenship status appears to impact the resolve of these women to end the domestic abuse cycle. It could be posited that once citizenship is established, there is an emotional ownership of the new country that reduces a woman's willingness to tolerate abuse in the home. The economic situation of Hispanic women also has a role to play in domestic violence.

Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems

Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems A Survey on Different Architectures Used in Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems I.ABSTRACT On-line self-testing is the solution for detecting permanent and intermittent faults for non safety critical and real-time embedded multiprocessors. This paper basically describes the three scheduling and allocation policies for on-line self-testing. Keywords-components: MPSoC, On-line self-testing, DSM technology II.INTRODUCTION Real-time systems are very important parts of our life now a day to day. In the last few decades, we have been studied the time aspect of computations. But in recent years it has increase exponentially among the researchers and research school. There has been an eye catching growth in the count of real-time systems. Being used in domestic and industry production. So we can say that real-time system is a system which not only depends upon the correctness of the result of the system but also on the time at which the result is produced. The example of the real-time system can be given as the chemical and nuclear plant control, space mission, flight control systems, military systems, telecommunications; multimedia systems and so on all make use of real-time technologies. Testing is a fundamental step in any development process. It consists in applying a set of experiments to a system (system under test − SUT), with multiple aims, from checking correct functionality to measuring performance. In this paper, we are interested in so-called  black-box conformance testing, where the aim is to check conformance of the SUT to a given specification. The SUT is a â€Å"black box† in the sense that we do not have a model of it, thus, can only rely on its observable input/output behavior. Real time is measured by quantitative use of clock (real clock)[1].Whenever we quantify time by using the real clock we use real time. A system is called real time system when we need quantitative expression of time to describe the behavior of the used system. In our daily lives, we rely on systems that have underlying temporal constraints including avionic control systems, medical devices, network processors, digital video recording devices, and many other systems and devices. In each of these systems there is a potential penalty or consequence associated with the violation of a temporal constraint. a. ONLINE SELF TESTING Online self-testing is the most cost-effective technique which is used to ensure correct operation for microprocessor-based systems in the field and also improves their dependability in the presence of failures caused by components aging. DSM Technologies Deep submicron technology means, the use of transistors of smaller size with faster switching rates[2]. As we know from Moores law the size of transistors are doubled by every year in a system, the technology has to fit those inc in transistors in small area with better performance and low-power[4]. III. Different Architectures used in Online Self Testing in Real Time Systems. 1.The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip The DIVA system architecture was specially designed to support a smooth migration path for application software by integrating PIMs into conventional systems as seamlessly as possible. DIVA PIMs resemble, at their interfaces, commercial DRAMs, enabling PIM memory to be accessed by host software either as smart memory coprocessors or as conventional memory[2]. A separate memory to memory interconnect enables communication between memories without involving the host processor. PIM Array PIM to PIM Interconnect Fig.1: DIVA Architecture A parcel is closely related to an active message as it is a relatively lightweight communication mechanism containing a reference to a function to be invoked when the parcel is received. Parcels are transmitted through a separate PIM to PIM interconnect to enable communication without interfering with host memory traffic. This interconnect must support the dense packing requirement of memory devices and allow the addition or removal of devices from system. Each DIVA PIM chip is a VLSI memory device augmented with general purpose computing and communication hardware[3]. Although a PIM may consist of multiple nodes, each of which are primarily comprised of few megabyte of memory and a node processor. 2. Chip Multiprocessor Architecture (CMP Architecture) Chip multiprocessors are also called as multi-core microprocessors or CMPs for short ,these are now the only way to build high-performance microprocessors, for a number of reasons[6]. limiting acceptance of CMPs in some types of systems. Fig.2: The above figure shows the CMP Architecture[6] 3. SCMP Architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System-on-Chip Future systems will have to support multiple and concurrent dynamic compute-intensive applications, while respecting real-time and energy consumption constraints. Within this framework, an architecture, named SCMP has been presented[5]. This asymmetric multiprocessor can support dynamic migration and preemption of tasks, thanks to a concurrent control of tasks, while offering a specific data sharing solution. Its tasks are controlled by a dedicated HW-RTOS that allows online scheduling of independent real-time and non real time tasks. By incorporating a connected component labelling algorithm into this platform, we have been able to measure its benefits for real-time and dynamic image processing. In response to an ever increasing demand for computational efficiency, the performance of embedded system architectures have improved constantly over the years. This has been made possible through fewer gates per pipeline stage, deeper pipelines, better circuit designs, faster transistors with new manufacturing processes, and enhanced instruction level or data-level parallelism (ILP or DLP)[7]. An increase in the level of parallelism requires the integration of larger cache memories and more sophisticated branch prediction systems. It therefore has a negative impact on the transistors’ efficiency, since the part of these that performs computations is being gradually reduced. Switching time and transistor size are also reaching their minimum limits. The SCMP architecture has a CMP structure and uses migration and fast preemption mechanisms to eliminate idle execution slots. This means bigger switching penalties, it ensures greater flexibility and reactivity for real-time systems. Programming Model The programming model for the SCMP architecture is specifically adapted to dynamic applications and global scheduling methods. The proposed programming model is based on the explicit separation of the control and the computation parts. Computation tasks and the control task are extracted from the application, so as each task is a standalone program. The control task handles the computation task scheduling and other control functionalities, like synchronizations and shared resource management for instance. Each embedded application can be divided into a set of independent threads, from which explicit execution dependencies are extracted. Each thread can in turn be divided into a finite set of tasks. The greater the number of independent and parallel tasks are extracted, the more the application can be accelerated at runtime. Fig3: SCMP Processing As shown in Figure 9, the SCMP architecture is made of multiple PEs and I/O controllers. This architecture is designed to provide real-time guarantees, while optimizing resource utilization and energy consumption. The next section describes execution of applications in a SCMP architecture. When the OSoC receives an execution order of an application, its Petri Net representation is built into the Task Execution and Synchronization Management Unit (TSMU) of the OSoC. Then, the execution and configuration demands are sent to the Selection unit according to application status. They contain all of active tasks that can be executed and of coming active tasks that can be prefetched. Scheduling of all active tasks must then incorporate the tasks for the newly loaded application. If a non-configured task is ready and waiting for its execution, or a free resource is available, the PE and Memory Allocation Unit sends a configuration primitive to the Configuration Unit. Fig4:SCMP Architecture[5] Table Of Comparison   Ã‚   Name Of The Paper Year of Publication Author Limits The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip 2002 Jeff Draper, Jacqueline Chame, Mary Hall, Craig Steele, Tim Barrett, Jeff LaCoss, John Granacki, Jaewook Shin, Chun Chen, Chang Woo Kang, Ihn Kim, Gokhan Daglikoca This paper has described a detailed description of DIVA PIM Architecture. This paper having some issues for exploiting memory bandwidth, particularly the memory interface and controller, instruction set features for fine grained parallel operation, and mechanism for address translation. Chip Multiprocessor Architecture: Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency 2007 KunleOlukotun, LanceHammond, James Laudon This work provides a solid foundation for future exploration in the area of defect-tolerant design. We plan to investigate the use of spare components, based on wearout profiles to provide more sparing for the most vulnerable components. Further, a CMP switch is only a first step toward the overreaching goal of designing a defect-tolerant CMP system. SCMP Architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System on-Chip for Dynamic Applications 2010 NicolasVentroux, Raphael David The new architecture, which has been called SCMP, consists of a hardware real-time operating system accelerator (HW-RTOS), and multiple computing, memory, and input/output resources. The overhead due to control and execution management is limited by our highly efficient task and data sharing management scheme, despite of using a centralized control. Future works will focus on the development of tools to ease the programmation of the SCMP architecture. Conclusion We have done a survey how on-line self-testing can be controlled in a real-time embedded multiprocessor for dynamic but non safety critical applications using different architectures. We analyzed the impact of three on-line self-testing architectures in terms of performance penalty and fault detection probability. As long as the architecture load remains under a certain threshold, the performance penalty is low and an aggressive self test policy, as proposed in can be applied to [8] D. Gizopoulos et al., Systematic Software-Based Self -Test for Pipelined Processors, Trans. on Vlsi Sys., vol. 16, pp. 1441-1453, 2008. such architecture. Otherwise, on-line self-testing should consider the scheduling decision for mitigating the overhead in detriment to fault detection probability. It was shown that a policy that periodically applies a test to each processor in a way that accounts for the idle states of processors, the test history and the task priority offers a good trade-off between the performance and fault detection probability. However, the principle and methodology can be generalized to other multiprocessor architectures. References [1] R. Mall. â€Å"Real-time system†: Theory and practice. Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2008. [2] Analysis of On-Line Self-Testing Policies for Real-Time Embedded Multiprocessors in DSM Technologies O. Heron, J. Guilhemsang, N. Ventroux et al 2010 IEEE. [3] Jeff Draper et al., The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip, ICS’02, June. [4] C. Constantinescu, â€Å"Impact of deep submicron technology on dependability of VLSI circuits†, IEEE DSN, pp. 205-209, 2002. [5] Nicolas Ventroux and Raphael David, â€Å"SCMP architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System-on-Chip for Dynamic Applications†, ACM Second International Forum on Next Generation Multicore/Many core Technologies, Saint Malo, France, 2010. [6] Chip Multiprocessor Architecture: Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency. [7] Antonis Paschalis and Dimitris Gizopoulos â€Å"Effective Software-Based Self-Test Strategies for On-Line Periodic Testing of Embedded Processors†, DATE, pp.578-583,2004. IJSET 2014Page 1

My Bigger :: essays research papers

My Bigger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Richard Wrights â€Å"Native Son† he magnificently describes how he came about of configuring Bigger. He used four specific people to create Bigger. Wright chose people that stood up for themselves almost to a fault. All of the people did have bad ends, but were nevertheless influential in Wright’s, life good or bad. Wright drew from his personal experiences with these people to manufacture Bigger reactions. There were many social circumstances that held Bigger back from succeeding, like poverty, the depression and even his own stubbornness. Bigger was just reacting to his surrounding like Wright’s people did, a good example of this is when Bigger kills the rat and keeps hitting it. That relates with when Bigger No. 5 drew the knife on the streetcar driver asking him to move to the colored car, and he said â€Å"Make me.† My people I’m going to talk about didn’t have to deal with such hardships, but did deal with more n ational and social challenges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My Bigger No.1 had a great influence and impact on my life for 17 years and still going. He was born in the first year of the baby boom era. His childhood was good and privileged but it was when he got out of high school when things changed. He did go to college for a half year and flunked out. The country was in a transition period from the mid 60’s to the late 70’s and Bigger No.1 was right in the middle of it and old enough to be affected by it all. And at this time if a man from 18 to 25 wasn’t in college he had to get into the reserves or go to Vietnam where he might die. Bigger No.1 had missed the registration date for the reserves. He didn’t believe in the war and had no intensions of going to it. He was afraid like many men were then, especially if they didn’t like the cause. His father had been in WWII and had nearly died (when he and another man were walking side by side in the jungle they somehow switched places and tw o step later the other man was killed by a sniper). Bigger No. 1’s father was in the Army and he did get into the reserves, one month late. Bigger No.1 had to spend 4 years in the reserve. Now this wasn’t the hard part, it was what was in the middle.

Kyle Heslin-Rees

Darwin and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Literary genres which critics have applied as a framework for interpreting the novel include religious allegory, fable, detective story, sensation fiction, doppelganger literature, Scottish devil tales and gothic novel. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has been the influence for The Hulk, Two-Face and the general superhero genre for the story's ties to a double life. This story represents a concept in Victorian culture, that of the inner conflict of humanity's sense of good and evil. 10] In particular the novella has been interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature (that good and evil exists in all), and that the failure to accept this tension (to accept the evil or shadow side) results in the evil being projected onto others. [11] Paradoxically in this argument, evil is actually committed in an effort to extinguish the perceived evil that has been projected onto the innocent victims.In Freudian Theory the thoughts and desires banished to the un conscious mind motivate the behavior of the conscious mind. If someone banishes all evil to the unconscious mind in an attempt to be wholly and completely good, it can result in the development of a Mr Hyde-type aspect to that person's character. [11] This failure to accept the tension of duality is related to Christian theology, where Satan's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being (that he has a dual nature) and is not God. 11] This is why in Christianity, pride (to consider oneself as without sin or without evil) is the greatest sin, as it is the precursor to evil itself; it also explains the Christian concept of evil hiding in the light. [11] Various direct influences have been suggested for Stevenson's interest in the mental condition that separates the sinful from moral self. Among them are the Biblical text of Romans (7:20 â€Å"Now if I do what I do not want to do, it is no longer I who do it, but it is sin living in me that does it. ); t he split life in the 1780s of Edinburgh city councillor Deacon William Brodie, master craftsman by day, burglar by night; and James Hogg's novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), in which a young man falls under the spell of the devil. Some readers have argued that the â€Å"dual personalities† interpretation is overly simplistic. Jekyll himself notes that a person may be divided into many more than two distinct personalities — he expects that researchers in the future will discover that a person is made up of many different selves.In his discussion of the novel, Vladimir Nabokov argues that the â€Å"good versus evil† view of the novel is misleading, as Jekyll himself is not, by Victorian standards, a morally good person. [12] One popular interpretation is the â€Å"civilized versus animalistic† approach. Other readers have argued even further that the split between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde represents the civilized and the an imalistic version of the same person. The description of Hyde as an almost prehuman creature and his actions that occur without thought, suggests that Hyde is more animal than man.Dr Jekyll on the other hand, can be seen as existing in a constant state of repression, with the only thing controlling his urges being the possible consequences imposed by civilized society. Another common interpretation sees the novella's duality as representative of Scotland and the Scottish character. On this reading the duality represents the national and linguistic dualities inherent in Scotland's relationship with the wider Britain and the English language, respectively, and also the repressive effects of the Calvinistic church on the Scottish character. 13] A further parallel is also drawn with the city of Edinburgh itself, Stevenson's birthplace, which consists of two distinct parts: the old medieval section historically inhabited by the city's poor, where the dark crowded slums were rife with all types of crime, and the modern Georgian area of wide spacious streets representing respectability. [13][14][15] The novella has also been noted as â€Å"one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era† because of its piercing description of the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century â€Å"outward respectability

Achievements of the gupta empire

The Gupta Empire, which covered most parts of Northern India and parts of Pakistan, was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 280 to 550 C.E. The capital was called Paliputra which is presently known as Patna in the Indian state of Bihar.   The level of peace and prosperity that was created within the leadership of Guptas enabled scientific and artistic endeavors.According to Beye, Charles Rowan (1975), Greek culture had deep influence on the Empire of Rome. Civilization of the ancient Greeks has been greatly influential on politics, education systems, languages, philosophy, arts and science.Civilization, according to Mark Whitaker (1997), refers to contradictory relation between a ruling class and a class of producers. Egyptian civilization was brought about by different aspects. River Nile was one major contributor of the Egyptian civilization. There are various similarities in terms of achievements of the Gupta Empire to those of the Classical Greek or Egyptian civil izations.Gupta Empire and the Egyptian Empire made great achievement in artistry. Sculpture is one of the greatest artistic achievements in the Gupta Empire. The sculptors worked with wood, stone bronze and clay called terra cotta.Gupta sculptors were mainly concerned with indicating the human form gracefully and simply. Egyptians too achieved a fit in artistry in that they used the skills to construct pyramids and monuments for the pharaoh. The pyramids portrayed their true identity and rich cultural heritage.Education is one other aspect of achievement that characterized the achievement of both the Gupta Empire and the ancient Egypt. Literature of Gupta Empire is usually considered to be among the greatest achievements. Gupta writers created plays, fables, and poetry, as well as important legal and religious texts. One India classic poems called Mahabharata, reached the final form during the Gupta era MathematicsThe mathematicians of Gupta era made useful discoveries that have gre atly influenced human civilization because mathematics has become a fundamental in our day to day lifeOn the other hand, the Egyptians were very much practical in their approach to mathematics their trade required that they deal in fractions. Trade also required division and multiplication to be possible so they improvised remarkable methods to cub the situation in the number systems to help them work efficiently.Childhood education was also important in Ancient Egypt   Children would more and frequently be required to work elders in handling less onerous tasks and slowly acquiring practical skills and knowledge from their parents and guardians. By example, parents would teach them various educational principles, morals and views about life.The ancient Greeks too have made quite a number of influential contributions to western civilization. These contributions, which can also be referred as achievements of ancient Greece, include areas of philosophy, art, Agriculture, Mathematics and science. These great achievements, compared to other regions such as the Gupta Empire and the Ancient Egypt, these great achievements were being made while fighting two wars, that is, Peloponnesian and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Persian wars.One other area where the Gupta Empire made an achievement is in the area of astronomy. Gupta astronomers came up with many discoveries about the moon, the sun, the earth and other planets. Although they relied more on Greek astronomers, Gupta astronomers too made many discoveries on their own and in many cases arrived at conclusions that were more accurate and reliable than those of the Greeks.ReferencesBeye, Charles Rowan (1975), â€Å"Ancient Greek Literature and Society†, Garden City, World History Achieve (1997), â€Å"A dialog from the Philosophy of History and theoretical history list†. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from< http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/10/029.html>Mark Whitaker (1997), â€Å"Definition of State in Civilizationâ € . Retrieved November 1, 2008 fromMr. Mitchell (1990), â€Å"Writing a Journal to Commemorate Gupta Achievements. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from< http://www.mitchellteachers.org/WorldHistory>Michael G. (2007), Ancient Greek Achievements. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from

Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. The WritePass Journal

Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. IntroductionIs the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value?Bird-in-the-handReferenceRelated Introduction A dividend is a distribution of after-tax profit. It is a cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. At the end of the each financial year every company has to decide (dividend decision) how much amount of earning to be retained by the company and how much amount to be distributed to shareholders. The dividend decision is important because it affects the amount of internally sourced finance available and also affects the return received by shareholders on the shares.  Once the company decided to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may show the impact of the investors and the financial markets. Establishing a specific  dividend  policy  is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. The distribution of dividends requires the approval of the board of directors and paid out to shareholders a few weeks later. There are several dates between the times the board declares the dividend un til the dividend is actually paid. The first date of note is the declaration date which the board of director declares the time or date is announced. The next date of note is ex-dividend date which time investors must have bought the stock to receive the dividend. The investor, who buying the stock after ex-dividend date is not receiving any dividend, record date, is a few days after the ex-dividend date the company close its stock transfer books and make up a list of the shareholder, who will receive the dividend. The final step is payment date which the checks of dividend will send to the shareholders. There are different types of dividend, which are cash or as additional stock which increase the number of shares outstanding and generally reduce the price per share, regular dividend which is paid at regular intervals, or a special dividend which is paid in addition to regular dividend and liquidating dividend which are excess of the retained earning they show on their book. There exist four main types of dividend policy theories Modigliani and Miller (1961) dividend Irrelevancy theory, Linter and Gordon (bird-in-the-hand) Theory, Signalling properties of dividend and clientele effect. Is the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value? One of the financial theorists (Miller and Modigliani, 1961) provides a proposition for dividend policy irrelevance. They assume that perfect capital markets, meaning no taxes or transaction costs exist, the market price has many buyer or seller, and there is costless and feely access to information. Modigliani and Miller state that dividend policy was not one of the determinants of share price .Share value is independent of the level of dividend paid. A firm pay dividend is irrelevant and those stockholders are indifferent about receiving dividend. For example, from the aspect of investor, that the company paid too big dividend, investor could buy more share with the dividend that is over the investor’s expectations. Similarly if the company paid too little dividend, an investor could sell some of the company’s share to reflect the cash flow their expected. Market value of company its cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. According to their argument dividend policy is unaffected and irrelevance of market share price .Should the company pay out to its shareholders or retain that money to make new project. Modigliani and Millers dividend-irrelevance theory says that investors can affect their return on a stock regardless of the stocks dividend Residual Policy Modigliani and Miller argued that financial objective is maximise shareholder wealth when the share price is maximised. Shareholders are indifferent between dividends and capital gain. Company is used M M Residual dividend policy when a company undertake all positive NPV project and paid out the residual as dividend. Alternatively a company with not enough funds to invest new project, paid no dividend and the additional funds can obtain from outside sources. They were arguing that if company followed the best investment policy the value of company is irrelevance to its dividend policy. They also argue that shareholders are also indifferent to the timing of dividend payment because if there were no dividends the market value of company would increase to reflect as future dividend and share price is also increasing resulting from the returns of investment. A dividend policy is irrelevant because shareholders have the ability to create â€Å"homemade† dividends that mean that ca pital gain is not perfect suitable for dividend in cash flow terms. This income is achieved by individuals adjusting their personal portfolios to reflect their own preferences. For example some shareholders prefer to get steady of income are more likely to invest in bonds, which interest payment don’t change ,rather than dividend –paying stock, which value can fluctuate. Bird-in-the-hand On the other hands, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) believe that company dividend policies are relevant to their share price. Under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect capital market ,he argued â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory that investor can reduce the financial risk associated with their investment if the return is received in the form of dividend earlier, rather than capital gain or higher dividends later. On this analysis, current dividend represent less risky than future capital gain. Therefore, company paying higher dividend will be more worth than company paying lower dividend. Dividend policy is one of the importance factors of determining share price. Gorden argued that the payment of current dividends â€Å"determine investor uncertainty†. The key assumption, as argued by Lintner and Gordon, is that because of the less risky nature dividends, shareholders and investors will discount the firm’s dividend stream at a lower rate of return, â€Å"râ₠¬ , thus increasing the value of the firm’s shares. According to dividend growth model, the value of an ordinary share, Po is given by: Po=D1/(r-g) Where the constant dividend growth rate is denoted by g, r is the investor’s required rate of return and D1, represent the next dividend payments. Thus the lower r is in relation to the value of dividend payment D1, the greater the share’s value. In the investor’s view, according to Linter and Gordon, r the return from the dividend, is less risky than the future growth rate g. oppapers.com/eassys/Bird-In-Hand/536314 Signalling effect of dividend This theory argued that financial information is asymmetric and managers will always know more than shareholders about the future financial prospects of the company. The dividend declared can be interpreted as a signal from directors to shareholders about the strength of underlying project cash flows. Increasing dividend is usually seen as good news, indicating that the company has positive prospects. The theory of dividend signalling has usually refers to a cash distribution of retain earnings. jstor.org/pss/2328393 Reference Watson, D. and Head, A. (2010) Corporate finance Principles Practice.5th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the Essay

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the woman's world(1887-1889). Analize this contribution to fashi - Essay Example e, which is not the case because Oscar Wilde did not completely erase the fashion issue but rather refined it by adding more content, because evidently, he only reduced the fashion section from four to two. Prior to Wilde reducing past issues in the magazine and adding up empowering content, Wilde also incorporated women authors who greatly contributed in writing the magazine (Tusan 2005, P.68). Generally, the aim of Oscar Wilde’s transformation was to create a new generation of modern woman who did not have to sit back and watch the men rule over, but instead women who embraced empowerment to battle up with the man in running the businesses of the world through education and other channels of knowledge exposure (Fortunato 2012, p. 34). Nevertheless, Wilde’s effort of empowering the 18th century woman through the â€Å"woman’s world† magazine did not send a positive note to everyone. Though majority never came up to criticize the content in the magazine, t he artists in various fields emerged to criticize the article. Surprisingly, women artists were among the critics who criticized Wilde’s view on fashion. Most of the critics had no issue with women empowerment content because what disturbed them the most was the editor’s negative stand on fashion. The fashion issue arose during transformation of the magazine where the editor reduced fashion content because he believed that it had no much relevance in the woman’s world as men usually perceive. Oscar Wilde’s stand on fashion irrelevance caught the attention of artists like Mary Eliza Haweis, an editor who authorized in connection with fashion, cosmetics, and decoration (Fortunato 2012, p. 37). She argued that fashion should not be side kicked because fashion was an essential form of art that she claims... Historically, the 18th century was an era of male dominance because men viewed women as inferior beings. The reason why women were inferior is that they could not participate in the development of the world’s progress. This was evident through vast arts that portrayed at the time that included Sydney Grundy’s play â€Å"the glass of fashion† that was produced in 1883. Another evidence of women's inferiority in the 18th century portrayed through the manner in which the â€Å"lady’s world† magazine was edited before Oscar Wilde came took over the editorship. Things changed when Oscar Wilde joined the publishing company as the editor of the magazine. The content and the appearance of the magazine never made much sense to him and that is why he transformed every bit of the magazine including its name Oscar Wilde claims that the magazine had no motivational content that concerned women because content mostly contained gossips, music, art, fashion, and ot her common issues. Oscar Wilde could be named as a renowned female reformist who undertook all the challenges in the 18th century literature field to empower the woman into modernity through intense education shunning the old fashion perception pinned on women. This did not mean that Wilde did not have any ideas in fashion and art, nor did he ignore them, because history claims that he was a frequent attended to art galleries and theater.

Solid Waste Management Program Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Solid Waste Management Program - Term Paper Example It is commonly believed that solid waste management is a state function. Although the government has the obligation to lead solid waste programs in the country, combined efforts of people, communities, and organizations are necessary to address this issue successfully. Authors like Nemerow et al opine that solid waste management is a complex process that comprises of many technologies and disciplines (177). Solid waste management is not such a big deal in villages because most of the waste materials except plastic wastes can be managed through composting and recycling. However, it is a great challenge for local governments in developing countries as they lack adequate transportation facilities and other equipments. Recently, a concept called integrated solid waste management has been developed for managing municipal solid waste through a number of interrelated activities. Solid Waste Management Programs in the Region of Peel Comprehensive solid waste management programs are being imp lemented in the Region of Peel, City of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The region’s solid waste management is based on a ‘5Rs Waste Hierarchy’ where the 5Rs are ‘rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover’ (Region of Peel). First, people must rethink about their waste management practices and try to adopt environmentally-friendly purchase habits. For instance, people may buy rechargeable batteries instead of single use batteries and buy fewer other single use products. Secondly, individuals must try to reduce the waste they generate. For this, it is better to use reusable lunch boxes, travel mugs, and products with less packaging if possible. Third, people have to reuse their products in different ways or to share them with others. To illustrate,... From the above discussion, it is clear that the Region of Peel has developed some well structured practices to address its solid waste management needs. Curbside waste collection, special event waste recycling, waste reuse services are the major activities of the region’s Waste Management Division. Although the region’s solid waste management seems effective, it runs at huge net expenditure and the situation may threaten the operational efficiency of the region in the long run. The situation points to the need of rapid move both in terms of strategies and financial planning. It is recommendable for the Peel Region to adopt advanced waste to energy technologies, for this approach would reduce the costs associated with its operation to a great extent. This paper makes a conclusion that this proposed policy is energy neutral and hence it can promote environmental sustainability in the long run. Waste to energy method would assist the region to increase its revenues and to meet the growing electricity demand in the region. In order to convince the people regarding the necessity of this project, the region’s Waste Management Division must organize public awareness campaigns. Finally, the Peel Region must be vigilant in choosing proper waste to energy technique, because some of those methods like direct combustion can have adverse impacts on the environment. The effective implementation of this project would assist the Waste Management Division to improve its net expenditure level significantly.